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v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body lang=PL style='tab-interval:35.4pt'> <div class=WordSection1> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>URZDZENIA SIECI KOMPUTEROWYCH </p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>1. Media transmisyjne</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>2. Karty sieciowe</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>3. PrzeBczniki (<span class=SpellE>switch</span>)</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>3.1. Hub (koncentrator)</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>4. Router</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>5. Serwer</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b>Medium transmisyjne</b>&nbsp; no[nik u|ywany do&nbsp;transmisji&nbsp;sygnaBów w telekomunikacji. Jest podstawowym elementem systemów telekomunikacyjnych. Mo|liwo[ci transmisji zale| od parametrów u|ytego medium. Wyró|nia si media przewodowe i bezprzewodowe.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Do przewodowych mediów transmisyjnych nale|:</p> <ul type=disc> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Kabel symetryczny (w tym tzw.&nbsp;skrtka)<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Kabel wspóBosiowy (kabel koncentryczny)<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Kabel [wiatBowodowy ([wiatBowód&nbsp;<span class=SpellE>jednomodowy</span> lub wielomodowy)<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Kable energetyczne<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Do bezprzewodowych mediów transmisyjnych nale|:</p> <ul type=disc> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>fale radiowe&nbsp;(fale elektromagnetyczne&nbsp;o czstotliwo[ci do kilkudziesiciu <span class=SpellE>GHz</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>fale [wietlne (fale elektromagnetyczne o czstotliwo[ci powy|ej 100 <span class=SpellE>THz</span>, np. [wiatBo lasera)<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Media transmisyjne mo|emy podzieli równie| ze wzgldu na rodzaj transmisji, jaki mo|na w nich stosowa:</p> <ul type=disc> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Simpleks&nbsp; transmisja tylko w jednym kierunku<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span class=SpellE><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>PóBdupleks</span></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; transmisja w obu kierunkach, ale nierównoczesna<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Dupleks&nbsp; równoczesna transmisja w obu kierunkach<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b>Karta sieciowa (adapter sieciowy)</b></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Jest to urzdzenie wymagane we wszystkich stacjach roboczych przyBczonych do sieci. Ka|da karta jest przystosowana tylko do jednego typu sieci (np. Ethernet.) i posiada niepowtarzalny numer, który identyfikuje zawierajcy j komputer. Przydziela go midzynarodowa instytucja pod nazw <span class=SpellE>Institute</span> of <span class=SpellE>Electrical</span> and <span class=SpellE>Eleectronics</span> <span class=SpellE>Engineers</span>. Ka|demu producentowi przypisuje ona odpowiedni kod i zakres liczbowy.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Istniej karty sieciowe przystosowane zarówno do magistrali&nbsp;<b>ISA</b>&nbsp;jak i&nbsp;<b>PCI</b>. Mimo i| wersje PCI s nieco dro|sze to warto <span class=SpellE>ponie[c</span> dodatkowy koszt ze wzgldu na ich wy|sz wydajno[ i mniejsze obci|enie procesora stacji.&nbsp;<br> Obecnie karty sieciowe posiadaj wBasny procesor i pami RAM. Procesor pozwala przetwarza dane bez anga|owania w to gBównego procesora komputera, a pami peBni rol bufora w sytuacji, gdy karta nie jest w stanie przetworzy napBywajcych z sieci du|ych ilo[ci danych. S one wtedy tymczasowo umieszczane w pamici.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Obraz_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:232.5pt;height:195pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="urzadzenia_pliki/image001.jpg" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=310 height=260 src="urzadzenia_pliki/image002.jpg" v:shapes="Obraz_x0020_6"><![endif]></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b>PrzeBcznik (<span class=SpellE>switch</span>)</b></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b>PrzeBcznik</b>  urzdzenie Bczce segmenty&nbsp;sieci komputerowej&nbsp;pracujce gBównie w drugiej warstwie&nbsp;modelu ISO/OSI&nbsp;(Bcza danych), jego zadaniem jest przekazywanie&nbsp;ramki&nbsp;midzy segmentami sieci z doborem portu przeBcznika, na który jest przekazywana.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Pierwszy przeBcznik <span class=SpellE>ethernetowy</span> zostaB wprowadzony przez firm <span class=SpellE>Kalpana</span> w 1990 roku.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Obraz_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:219.75pt; height:225.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="urzadzenia_pliki/image003.jpg" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width=293 height=301 src="urzadzenia_pliki/image004.jpg" v:shapes="Obraz_x0020_7"><![endif]></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b>Hub (koncentrator)</b></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b>Koncentrator sieciowy</b>&nbsp;  urzdzenie pozwalajce na przyBczenie wielu urzdzeD sieciowych do&nbsp;sieci komputerowej&nbsp;o&nbsp;topologii gwiazdy. Najcz[ciej spotykane w wersji 4-, 8-, 16- lub 24-portowej.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Koncentrator pracuje w warstwie pierwszej&nbsp;modelu ISO/OSI&nbsp;(warstwie fizycznej), przesyBajc sygnaBy elektryczne z jednego portu (gniazda) na wszystkie pozostaBe. Taka metoda dziaBania nie pozwala mu na analizowanie ramek pod ktem adresu MAC ani <span class=SpellE>datagramów</span> pod ktem adresu IP. Poniewa| koncentrator powiela ka|dy otrzymany sygnaB elektroniczny, tworzy tak zwan&nbsp;domen kolizyjn&nbsp;- z tego wzgldu czasami koncentrator nazywany jest wieloportowym&nbsp;wzmacniakiem. W sieciach&nbsp;Ethernet&nbsp;najcz[ciej wykorzystywan metod detekcji powstania kolizji jest&nbsp;CSMA/CD. Koncentrator najcz[ciej podBczany jest do&nbsp;routera&nbsp;jako rozgaBziacz, do niego za[ dopiero podBczane s pozostaBe urzdzenia sieciowe: komputery peBnice rol&nbsp;stacji roboczych,&nbsp;serwerów,&nbsp;drukarki sieciowe&nbsp;i inne.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=273 height=197 id="_x0000_i1027" src=HUB.jpg alt="Opis: hub"></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b>Router</b></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b>Router</b>&nbsp;  urzdzenie sieciowe pracujce w trzeciej warstwie modelu OSI. SBu|y do Bczenia ró|nych sieci komputerowych (ró|nych w sensie informatycznym, czyli np. o ró|nych klasach, maskach itd.), peBni wic rol wzBa komunikacyjnego. Na podstawie informacji zawartych w pakietach TCP/IP jest w stanie przekaza pakiety z doBczonej do siebie sieci zródBowej do docelowej, rozró|niajc j spo[ród wielu doBczonych do siebie sieci. Proces kierowania ruchem nosi nazw&nbsp;<b>trasowania, routingu lub routowania</b>.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Trasowanie musi zachodzi midzy co najmniej dwiema podsieciami, które mo|na wydzieli w ramach jednej&nbsp;sieci komputerowej. Urzdzenie tworzy i utrzymuje&nbsp;tablic trasowania, która przechowuje [cie|ki do konkretnych obszarów sieci oraz&nbsp;metryki&nbsp;z nimi zwizane (w zale|no[ci od zastosowanego protokoBu routingu, metryk mo|e by ilo[ routerów na drodze do miejsca docelowego, lub np. warto[ bdca zBo|eniem dostpnej przepustowo[ci, stopy wystpowania bBdów i teoretycznej przepustowo[ci interfejsu).</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Skuteczne dziaBanie routera wymaga wiedzy na temat otaczajcych go urzdzeD - innych routerów i hostów. Mo|e by ona dostarczona w sposób statyczny przez&nbsp;administratora, wówczas nosi ona nazw&nbsp;<b>tablicy <span class=SpellE>statycznej<span style='font-weight:normal'>lub</span></span></b> mo|e by pozyskana przez sam ruter od ssiadujcych urzdzeD pracujcych w trzeciej warstwie, tablice tak konstruowane nazywane s&nbsp;<b>dynamicznymi</b>.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=242 height=242 id="_x0000_i1026" src="220px-Router_TP-LINK.jpg" alt="Opis: router"></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b>Serwer</b></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b>Serwer</b>&nbsp; &nbsp;program&nbsp;[wiadczcy usBugi na rzecz innych programów, zazwyczaj korzystajcych z innych&nbsp;komputerów&nbsp;poBczonych w&nbsp;sie.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Serwerem nazywa si czsto&nbsp;komputer&nbsp;[wiadczcy takie usBugi, sprowadzajce si zazwyczaj do udostpniania pewnych zasobów innym komputerom lub po[redniczcy w przekazywaniu danych midzy komputerami.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Serwerem nazywa si te| systemy oprogramowania biorce udziaB w udostpnianiu zasobów. PrzykBadami udostpnianych zasobów s&nbsp;pliki,&nbsp;bazy danych, Bcza internetowe, a tak|e&nbsp;urzdzeD peryferyjnych&nbsp;jak&nbsp;drukarki&nbsp;i&nbsp;skanery.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>Serwerem mo|e by zwykBy komputer, jednak w celu peBnego wykorzystania mo|liwo[ci, jakie daje oprogramowanie serwerowe, powinna to by maszyna przeznaczona do tej roli. Maszyny takie s przystosowane do pracy cigBej, wyposa|a si je w du|e i szybkie dyski twarde, gBównie&nbsp;SCSI, du| ilo[ pamici&nbsp;RAM&nbsp;najcz[ciej z&nbsp;ECC&nbsp;oraz wydajne procesory serwerowe. Czsto serwerowe pByty gBówne mog obsBu|y 2, 4 lub wicej procesorów.</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style='mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=289 height=227 id="_x0000_i1025" src=serwer.jpg alt="Opis: serwer"></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> </div> </body> </html>